The increasing amount of air pollutants in large cities has turned into a crucial factor that affects morphological and physiological tree characteristics, particularly on leaf level. In order to study those effects, 5 areas ranging from least to most polluted areas were initially selected in Urmia, the capital of West Azerbaijan province, using fixed and mobile air pollution recording stations of the Environment Office in August 2013.From each three species in each area 5 individuals were randomly selected and the leaves were measured in terms of their Length of petiole, Length of blade, maximum width of blade and leaf area. The above-mentioned parameters were repeatedly measured in May 2014. The ANOVA, Duncan and paired-t tests were performed analyze the data. The results revealed that the morphological properties of all species are affected by air pollutions (a=0.05), with the greater effects occurred in August 2013 compared to May 2014.

Sweet violet (Viola odorata) is a medicinal plant with immense medicinal value that over-exploitation of this medicinal plant led to decline its natural habitat. In vitro propagation delivers powerful methods for the mass multiplication of economically important species and germplasm conservation of endangered species. The present study has been carried out to establish an efficient protocol for in vitro callus induction and regeneration of Sweet violet by optimizing the various concentrations of plant growth regulators. For calli induction, different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0. 5, 1, 1. 5, 2 and 2. 5 mg/l) and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (0. 5, 1, 1. 5, 2 and 2. 5 mg/l) and for indirect shoot regeneration different concentrations of BA (0. 5, 1, 1. 5, 2 and 2. 5 mg/l) were used. The MS medium supplemented with 1. 5 mg/l BA and 1. 5 mg/l 2, 4-D was found most suitable for callus induction from petiole explants after 30 days of incubation. The best growth response and the highest rate of shoot regeneration from callus were observed on MS medium containing 1. 5 mg/l BAP. Shoots were rooted easily in the same regeneration medium after the second subculture and then successfully acclimatized in pitmoss: perlite substrate with 100% survival rate. This protocol could be successfully used for the mass multiplication and germplasm conservation of this valuable medicinal plant.

The genus Consolida (DC. ) S. F. GRAY of Gray is a member of Ranuculaceae family, Delphinieae tribe. . It comprises approximately 52 species which almost all of them are weed and includes the members of the genus Aconitella Spach. The genus distributed in Iran with 24 species, Iran is thus one of the richest countries for the genus in South-West Asia. Consolida has separated from Delphinium by De Candolle based on single-spurred petals, one follicle and annual life cycle and has occurred in separate section. Finally it introduced as a separate genus by Gray in 1821. In this study the petiole anatomy of 16 species of the genus Consolida have investigated. Three population from each species have examined. After pre-treatment of the material, hand sections prepared and Carmen and methyl green solution used for staining the materials. Olympus light microscope used for study and photography. Our results showed that the presence of: angle, collenchymas layer below the epidermis, the number of vascular bundles LB, vascular sheath type, mechanical tissue between the vascular bundles and type of vascular bundles and indumentums of petiole are diagnostic characters for distinguishing the species. Based on anatomical results the species of two subgenera (Consolida and Aconitella) have separated and this confirmed the results of molecular systematic study of the genus.

Passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L. ) is a climbing and herbaceous shrub belonging to the family of Passifloraceae. Tissue culture is an important part of biotechnology, which can produce plants free of pathogens and provides mass production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of two different types of explants (leaf and petiole) in order to obtain shoot multiplication of Passiflora caerulea. Various concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), 6-furfuryl amino purine (KN) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with indole butyric acid (IBA) were used as a completely randomized design, in three replications. Results of this experiment showed that the highest regeneration frequency of the petiole explant (100%) and the maximum number of multiple shoots (8. 9) was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 1. 0 mg/l BAP along with 0. 1 mg/l IBA. Also in leaf explants, the highest regeneration frequency (86. 66%) as well as the maximum number of multiple shoots (8. 6) were obtained in the above-mentioned medium. The highest rooting frequency (93. 33%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 0. 5 mg/l IBA. In vitro-raised plantlets were potted and acclimatized under culture room conditions for 25– 30 days before transfer to soil conditions, where the established plants showed more than 90 % survival. The described protocol had a high potential for the micropropagation of this valuable germplasm.

Cross sections of petioles in 24 species of Astragalus Sect. Incani has been studied for a comparison of anatomical characters based on phylogeny in this section. The characters which employed in this study are as follows: Numbers of parenchymatous cell layers in pith, number of bundles, Length of ventral axis, Length of dorsiventral axis, diameter of ventral latéral vascular bundle (VLB) and diameter of dorsal médian bundle (DMB). Furthermore the evolutionary direction in anatomical characters (character polarity) is studied. The results reveal that anatomical characters are not useful for circumscribing section but are suitable evidences for taxonomical differentiation in species in this section and can be use for delimiting small natural groups. Moreover, they are helpful characters for determining some complexes in this section.

Spinach is an important leafy vegetable and consumed as fresh and processed. To study the effect of autumn sowing date and planting method on yield and yield components of spinach cv. Varamin 88, a field experiment was carried out in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 growing seasons in agricultural research station of Varamin, Varamin, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replocations. Three planting methods (flat, one row on the middle of 60 cm bed and two rows on 60 cm bed) were randomized in sub plots, and three autumn sowing dates (05 November, 21 November and 06 October) were assigned to main plots. Yield, Length and width of leaf, duration from sowing to harvest, leaf number plant-1 and weight of ten plants were measured and recorded. Results showed that autumn sowing date of 05 November and planting of two rows on 60 cm bed was the best treatment for spinach cv. Varamin 88 in Varamin and similar regions.

In order to evaluate different growing media and nitrogen fertilizer (urea) on some morphological traits of Spathiphyllum, an experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on a completely randomized block design in three replications in greenhouse conditions in 2018. The main plot was assigned to different growing media including T1: leaf-mold, T2: vermicompost, and T3: a mixed growing medium (peat moss 20% + cocopeat 50% + perlite 30%) and the subplot was assigned to urea fertilizer at different rates of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L. Results showed that the mixed growing medium plus 2 g/L urea fertilizer had significant positive effects on all traits. According to the results for the interaction effects, the highest shoot fresh weight (26. 5 g/plant), shoot dry weight (3. 75 g/plant), root fresh weight (35. 5 g/plant), root dry weight (4. 87 g/plant), Length petiole (55. 1 cm), and leaf number (12. 1) were obtained from the mixed growing medium plus 2 g/L urea fertilizer, while the traits were the least in all studied growing media plus 0 g/L urea fertilizer. The increase in the urea fertilizer from 0 to 2 g/L increased shoot dry weight and petiole Length while the urea fertilizer at the rates of 3 and 4 g/L decreased them. The growing media with an EC of 2 dS/m, high porosity, and high water holding capacity can have significant effects on improving morphologic traits of Spathiphyllum plants.

Introduction: Central vein catheterization is a standard clinical method for central venous pressure monitoring besides being used for other therapeutic purposes. The present guidelines recommend to place the catheter tip in the superior vena cava above the pericardial cephalic reflection. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two different approaches in locating the tip of the CVC at the suggested vascular zone.Material and methods: This was an interventional study on 100 patients undergoing CABG operation who required a central venous cannulation. They were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group catheter placement was applied through using the conventional 15 cm method. In the second group a CLength method was applied for measuring the depth of catheter tip insertion from the preoperative chest radiographs. For statistical analysis Chi-square test and T-test were used (SPSS v.22 software).Results: In the first group (15 cm) 100% of the patients had their catheters placed below the C-line (Carina line) and the average distance between the catheter tip and the C-line was 4.22±2.10 cm. In the second (CLength) group 52% of the catheters were below C-line with an average distance of 0.77±0.5 cm. There was a meaningful difference between the two groups in respect to the catheter location depth and zone placement. (P=0.00) Conclusion: The C-Length approach in comparison to the conventional 15 cm approach resulted in a considerable higher number of catheters above the recommended C-line, thus it can provide a more reliable and safe mode for CVC placement in the SVC.

Zinc and boron are two elements influencing endogenous auxin in plants which is necessary for the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis for carrot petiols was studied with two concentrations of boron; zero and 0.6 mg/l and three concentrations of zinc; zero, 0.45 and 0.9 mg/l at the presence and absence of auxin in a B5 modified medium using a complete randomized design with ten treatments and four replications. With statistical analysis boron and zinc affect somatic embryogenesis with carrot petiol (P<0.01) and there is an interaction between these two elements. The maximum somatic embryogenesis (P<0.05) were with the B5 basal medium, containing 0.6 mg/l boron with no zinc and also B5 containing exogenous auxin. Zinc is a stress element and discarding zinc from culture media significantly affected somatic embryogenesis by carrot petiol. Eliminating boron from B5 containing 0.45 mg/l zinc increased seedling embryos (P<0.05). Adventives roots were also observed with some sub samples in addition to embryogenesis. Maximum root production was statistically with B5 containing idol acetic acid (P<0.05).